Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology - Biochemistry

Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology - Biochemistry By Robert A. Meyers

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Language : English

Description

BIOENERGETICS, an amalgamation of the term biological energetics, is the branch of biology and biochemistry that is concerned with how organisms extract energy from their environment and with how energy is used to fuel the myriad of life’s endergonic processes. Organisms may be usefully divided into two broad groups with respect to how they satisfy their need for energy. Autotrophic organisms convert energy from nonorganic sources such as light or from the oxidation of inorganic molecules to chemical energy. As heterotrophic organisms, animals must ingest and break down complex organic molecules to provide the energy for life. Interconversions of forms of energy are commonplace in the biological world. In photosynthesis, the electromagnetic energy of light is converted to chemical energy, largely in the form of carbohydrates, with high overall efficiency. The energy of light is used to drive oxidation-reduction reactions that could not take place in the dark. Light energy also powers the generation of a proton electrochemical potential across the green photosynthetic membrane.

Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology - Atomic and Molecular Physics

 Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology - Atomic and Molecular Physics By Robert Allen Meyers

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Language : English

Description

A PARTICLE BEAM is an ensemble of particles that move together in close proximity. A beam is characterized by a few basic parameters such as the particle species and the average energy of the particles. The beam of particles must be well collimated so that all particles stay in close proximity throughout its motion. Deviation of the motion of individual particles from the average motion of the beam must be kept sufficiently small. The species of particles in the beam is most commonly electrically charged. Most common examples of particle species are electrons and protons. Less common particles include charged particles such as muons, pions, or neutral particles such as some specific atoms or molecules. The physics of accelerators also significantly overlaps with the physics of light optics and lasers, as light can be treated as a beam of photon particles.

Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology - Atmospheric

 Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology - Atmospheric Science By Robert Allen Meyers

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Language : English

Description

AN ATMOSPHERIC DIFFUSION MODEL is a mathematical expression relating the emission of material into the atmosphere to the downwind ambient concentration of the material. The heart of the matter is to estimate the concentration of a pollutant at a particular receptor point by calculation from some basic information about the source of the pollutant and the meterological conditions. Deterministic, statistically regressive, stochastic models, and physical representations in water tanks and wind tunnels have been developed. Solutions to the deterministic models have been analytical and numerical, but the complexities of analytical solution are so great that only a few relatively simple cases have been solved. Numerical solutions of the more complex situations have been carried out but require a great amount of computer time. Progress appears to be most likely for the deterministic models. However, for the present the stochastically based Gaussian type model is the most useful in modeling for regulatory control of pollutants.

Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology - Astronomy

 

Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology - Astronomy By Robert Allen Meyers

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Language : English

Description

Astrochemistry The theoretical study of chemical processes in cosmic environments and the observational determination of physical parameters through the study of abundances of molecular species. This review concentrates on the recent results concerning circumstellar envelopes and the interstellar medium. The field deals, however, with synthesis of molecules in cometary nuclei and planetary atmospheres, as well as stellar photospheres. Hundreds of the most respected scientists and engineers participated in the creation of this new edition, including many Nobel Laureates. The articles are in-depth, yet accessible, and address all of the key areas of physical science--including aeronautics, astronomy, chemistry, communications, computers, earth sciences, electronics, engineering, materials science, mathematics, nuclear technology, physics, power systems, propulsion, and space technology.

Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology - Analytical Chemistry

Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology - Analytical Chemistry By Robert Allen Meyers

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Language : English

Description

Nine years has passed since the 1992 second edition of the encyclopedia was published. This completely revised third edition, which is a university and professional level compendium of chemistry, molecular biology, mathematics, and engineering, is refreshed with numerous articles about current research in these fields. For example, the new edition has an increased emphasis on information processing and biotechnology, reflecting the rapid growth of these areas. The continuing Editor-in-Chief, Robert Meyers, and the Board prepared a new topical outline of physical science and technology to define complete coverage. Section editors are either Nobel Laureates or editors of key journals in their fields. Additional Board members representing the global scientific community were also recruited.

Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology - Aeronautics

Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology - Aeronautics By Robert Allen Meyers

File Type : PDF

Language : English

Description

Nine years has passed since the 1992 second edition of the encyclopedia was published. This completely revised third edition, which is a university and professional level compendium of chemistry, molecular biology, mathematics, and engineering, is refreshed with numerous articles about current research in these fields. For example, the new edition has an increased emphasis on information processing and biotechnology, reflecting the rapid growth of these areas. The continuing Editor-in-Chief, Robert Meyers, and the Board prepared a new topical outline of physical science and technology to define complete coverage. Section editors are either Nobel Laureates or editors of key journals in their fields. Additional Board members representing the global scientific community were also recruited.